A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF GRAVITATIONAL WATER VORTEX POWER PLANTS: TECHNICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

The emissions from fossil fuel–based power plants and industrial systems pose significant challenges for developed nations, contributing to epidemics, respiratory illnesses, and widespread environmental hazards. As a sustainable alternative, hydroelectric power plants offer a reliable solution to the global energy crisis by harnessing the kinetic and potential energy of flowing water instead of relying on oil and other nonrenewable fuels. Within this domain, the Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP), categorized under Mini, Micro, and Pico hydropower systems, has emerged as a promising technology capable of generating electricity at low hydraulic heads ranging from 0.7–3.0 m and flow rates as low as 0.05 m·s⁻¹. This technology is particularly suitable for regions with low head but moderate to high stream flow conditions. However, as GWVPP is still in its developmental stage, experimental validation is crucial to bridge the gap between theoretical claims and actual performance outcomes.

This review consolidates findings from experimental studies and pilot projects implemented worldwide, providing a comprehensive perspective on the current status of GWVPP technology. Furthermore, it compares the technical, economic, and ecological aspects of GWVPP with other micro-hydropower systems. Results suggest that GWVPP stands out as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and ecologically compatible solution, offering distinct advantages for aquatic ecosystems while addressing the growing global energy demand.